The rule in Rylands v Fletcher applies primarily when there is:

The rule in Rylands v Fletcher is a key principle in tort law that establishes strict liability for certain types of hazardous activities. It specifically applies when there is an escape of a dangerous thing from the defendant's land, which can cause damage to neighboring properties or individuals. The foundational case involved a water reservoir that burst and flooded a mine on a neighboring property, setting a precedent for liability when something harmful escapes from one’s premises.

This principle emphasizes that individuals or entities engaging in activities that involve potentially dangerous substances or situations must take appropriate precautions. Should these substances escape and cause harm, the responsible party can be held liable without the need for proof of negligence or intention to cause damage. This makes the rule particularly significant in evaluating liability in cases involving hazardous materials or operations.

In contrast, the other options do not align with the specific conditions under which the Rylands v Fletcher principle is applicable. A breach of contract relates to obligations and duties defined in an agreement rather than strict liability for escaping dangers. Negligent conduct, while a basis for liability in tort law, does not directly invoke the Rylands principle, which distinctly operates on strict liability without requiring a demonstration of negligence. Lastly, a criminal act involves different legal implications and is generally governed by criminal law rather