In which scenario is there a valid insurable interest?

A valid insurable interest exists when a person stands to suffer a financial loss or some form of hardship if the insured event occurs. In the scenario where Patrick insures Jeff's life for a loan, Patrick has a direct insurable interest because the loan is a financial obligation that would cause him financial loss if Jeff were to pass away and be unable to repay the debt. This relationship creates a legitimate reason for the insurance policy, as it is tied directly to the financial transaction and the associated risk.

The other scenarios lack the clear, direct financial connection required for a valid insurable interest. While someone may have feelings of concern for a friend's life or if one spouse insures another's life, these situations do not inherently provide a financial stake or obligation that would justify the insurance. In the case of owning a business, while there may be an interest in the business itself, the scenario does not specify the nature of that interest in relation to the insured event, making it less straightforward compared to the loan example.